China's 'Airport' Ecosystem: A Commercial Path Around the Great Firewall

A systematic study reveals how thousands of commercial proxy services help Chinese users bypass state censorship, introducing new performance gains and security risks.

Based on research by Rumaisa Habib, Mingshi Wu, Shiva Shahandeh, Min Ni, Eric Wustrow, and Zakir Durumeric

Stanford University, GFW Report, and University of Colorado Boulder · 2026 · Research report

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